- —literal meanings—punishments for —in opinion of different scholars—apostasy is called irtidad which literally means relapse or regress or ridda in Islamic literature—an apostate is called murtadd, one who turns back from Islam—murtaddis one who verbally denies any principle of belief prescribed by Quran or a Hadith, deviates from approved Islamic tenets (ilhad),or if he or she commits a blasphemy such as treating a copy of the Quran with disrespect—the Quran discuses apostasy in many verses including Sura Al-Eeman, Sura Al-Nisa and Sural Al-Towba—which justify severe punishments—according to legal historian SadakatKadri, the apostasy was traditionally punished by death, executions were rare—it was widely believed that any accused apostate who repented by articulating the Kalmashahada had to be forgiven—the legal opinion on apostasy by the Fatwa committee at Al-Azhar university Cairo:- Since he left Islam, he will be invited to express his regret—if he does not, he will be killed according to rights and obligations of Islamic law. Muhammad Naseem vs State & another 2018 SCR 417 (D & F)
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